Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graduation Speech - Essay Example Short or long, bad or good, I will live to recall AlYamamah University. In this farewell, I must acknowledge the university staff including instructors, dean, registrar, and the entire faculty that sacrificed their time, effort and resources to ensure that we successfully complete the journey and attain the excitement I’m currently experiencing. The entire university faculty always kept us informed about present-day and emerging issues. Instructors optionally went out of their way to organize learning materials that equipped us with the relevant skills and knowledge required in the currently competitive job market. They always ensured that our learning is not compromised by the difficult learning environment often affecting students’ understanding. The instructors acted as parents providing advice when necessary and ensure that we are on the right track. Surely, you did a lot to ensure that we had an enjoyable stay; I acknowledge you for your kind gestures! Moreover, it takes teamwork to survive in life. While my experience is limited, I strongly believe that we overcame the many problems that often threatened our lives because there was someone who was ready to help us. I received awesome support from my parents, family members, friends and university staff depending on the severity and nature of the problem. My parents were always responsive to my social and economic needs, not mentioning the dollars they had to part with to ensure my dream is transformed into a reality. Friends became available during study sessions, pizza parties, and whenever called upon. I thank you all. Regardless of personal choices, I must admit that AlYamamah University and Riyadh City was a perfect place to develop our bodies and minds during the important learning phase. Apart from the few shortcomings of the university, which I honestly believe were often a little exaggerated, Riyadh City has been accommodative to our often silly behavior.

Biome is a large ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Biome is a large ecosystem Essay A biome is a large ecosystem where plants, animals, insects, and people live in a certain type of climate. Therefore, desert where the plants are short and the animals are small because of a lack of water. There is one-fifth of the earth land’s surface is desert. Deserts can be found on every continent except Europe. The desert biome can be separated into four kinds and they are cold, hot and dry, coastal and semiarid. The cold deserts that are located in Greenland, Antarctic and the Nearctic ecozone. These deserts are characterized by cold winters with snowfall and high overall temperatures throughout the winter, and sometimes in the summer too. In the hot and dry desert, the seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. But the winters usually bring little rainfall. With the summers are moderately long and dry and the winters are normally have a low concentration of rainfall, which are made up the semiarid desert And the final desert is occurred in moderately cool to warm areas such as the Nearctic and Neotropical realm. Deserts are also found in areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm a year. However, with a little rainfall, most of the deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation and vertebrate and invertebrate animals as well. And there are only a few large mammals in the deserts because they are not capable of storing sufficient water or withstanding the blistering heat. In the variety of the deserts, plants have had to develop different ways of capturing water in the roots, stems, leaves or fruit in order to survive in their habitat. There are short grasses, sagebrush, creosote bushes and cacti can be found in nearly all deserts. About animals, in order to survive, they try to stay in the shade of plants or rocks or by burrowing underground in the heat of the day and many desert animals are nocturnal by hunting at night when it is cool. Camels, reptiles, insects, birds and small animals are adapted living in the all deserts. Specially, camels are one of the few large mammals to survive in the desert because they can have well storing water in their bodies. There are all about the description about a desert biome. As we can see, animals and plants are found in a desert are distinctive in their adaptive capabilities, just so that they are able to survive in the harsh desert conditions.

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind Essay -- Concept Mind Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle's The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle attempts, in his own words, to 'explode the myth' of Cartesian dualism. His primary method in this endeavour is to explain why it is a logical error to describe minds and bodies with semantically similar language; while secondarily, he proposes that even to speak of 'minds' as a second-order ontology is to take the first step in the wrong direction towards intellectual clarity. Thus, with the desire to arrive at this hypothetical locale, the following peripatetic discussion will set out with Ryle at his point of departure, viz. Descartes' Myth; it will then survey the "lay-of-the-land" at Ryle's mapped out midway point, viz. Self-Knowledge; and from there, judge whether Ryle himself is headed in the right direction, or, whether despite the ribbons and fan-fare, Ryle's excursion takes place on a circular track. Ryle begins by seeking to expose the theory of Cartesian Dualism as an absurd logical error. To do this, he accuses it of having an inherently faulty structure; that it exemplifies "one big category-mistake."1 To understand this claim we must first look at what Ryle deems a 'category-mistake.' A category-mistake is committed when one accounts for a concept by placing it in a certain logical type, or category, when in fact it belongs to a different division altogether. So to describe or qualify two items or ideas of dissimilar constitution within the same linguistic framework is to commit this mistake. Ryle provides numerous examples for the elucidation of this error, only one of which follows: "she came home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair."2 The absurdity of this statement shows the category-mistake for what it is: a failure to use langu... ...ons it is my considered opinion that despite Ryle's attempt at intellectual clarity, this clarity is an illusion. NOTES 1 Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, p. 17.Back to note location in text 2 Ibid., p. 23.Back to note location in text 3 Ibid., p. 15.Back to note location in text 4 Ibid. Back to note location in text 5 Ibid., p.21.Back to note location in text 6 Ibid., p. 23.Back to note location in text 7 I refer to John R. Searle, The Rediscovery of The Mind, in which the author states: "Mental phenomena are caused by neurophysiological processes in the brain and are themselves features of the brain." p. 1.Back to note location in text 8 Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, p. 149.Back to note location in text 9 Ibid., p. 149.Back to note location in text 10 Ibid., p. 162.Back to note location in text

Analyzing Cafe at Night Painted by Vincent Van Gogh Essay -- Cafe at N

Analyzing Cafe at Night Painted by Vincent Van Gogh I have chosen to write my paper on painting titled â€Å"Cafà © at Night† by Vincent Van Gogh. Since this picture is a very popular one, I might have seen it a couple times before I actually decided to write about it. I feel warmth, streaming out of it, when I take a look at the â€Å"Cafà © at Night†. This comfortable feeling made me select this artwork. This picture shows a cobbled street, probably somewhere in the south of Europe, at night. In the very front there is just the street, and in the left corner there is the edge of a building that is painted in dark blue. It looks like there is no light coming out of this building, and it does not seem to be very important for the view, Van Gogh caught for this image. Next to the dark building another one is shown. This building is wider and thus reaches more in the back and middle of the whole painting. Different yellow shades light the building up which shows that it is busy, people are most likely in there. Three windows, painted in a darker yellow, or orange, make the viewer feel like ...

Digital Modulation Techniques

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic: Digital Modulation Techniques Course code: ELE102 Course title: Electrical science-II Submitted to:Submitted by: Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar Sec:K1901 Roll:B57 Contents INTRODUCTION †¢ 1 Aim †¢ 2 Analog modulation methods †¢ 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques †¢ 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding †¢ 5 Pulse modulation methods †¢ 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parame ters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (â€Å"volume†), its phase (â€Å"timing†) and its frequency (â€Å"pitch†), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal.Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. | 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog info rmation signal. [pic] [pic] A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: †¢ Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) ?Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), †¢ Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal on to a carrier (both of which are sine waves).At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. [pic] [pic] Simple example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). [pic] [pic] Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud.Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most fundamental digita l modulation techniques are based on keying: †¢ In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. †¢ In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. †¢ In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. †¢ In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform.Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK.Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs; – Speeds of up to 9600 bps – Full-duplex or half duplex operation. – Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s.Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to c onvey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high).If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -B inary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK.The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is , if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low).Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits – Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth [pic] Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states.Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): – Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol â€⠀œ More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver [pic][pic][pic] Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated;  ± Cosine and  ± Sine wave. Variants of QPSK [pic] – Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o – ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) – BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites – CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several proto cols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to users. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are: †¢ Phase-shift keying (PSK): o Binary PSK (BPS K), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4–QPSK †¢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK): o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) †¢ Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) †¢ On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB †¢ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK: o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. [citation needed] †¢ Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) †¢ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation: o discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-load ing. †¢ Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques †¢ The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. †¢ Adaptive modulation †¢ Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India

Rome city pros and cons essays

Rome city pros and cons essays Rome, as any society, suffered from imperfection. The city experienced some of the greatest architecture, art, entertainment, and trade, however it suffered from many wars, poverty, and cruelty. It was a city of extremes. Even through hardships the Ancient city of Rome achieved sophistication and opportunities. Rome, considered a city of great services and entertainment. Rome, not like most cities, supplied running water to its residents through aqueducts. Romes popularity and city-paved roads allowed it to be a successful city for trade. The baths in Rome were open to all the public. Lucian commented On entering [the baths], one is received into a public hall of good size, with ample accommodation for servants and attendants. The rich and poor both enjoyed the lavish baths. Not to be forgotten, the population suffering from poverty was provided with free bread and entertainment. As Fronto states The emperors were very careful not to neglect the basic needs of the inhabitants of Rome. They enjoyed the free views of gladiatorial games and the most popular chariot races in the Circus Maximus, holding about a fourth of Romes population. The gladiatorial combats helped control Romes population and punished those who had committed crimes. The Bread and Circuses allowed peace to exist in the ci ty. Rome offered the aristocratic people much more than its common people. Juvenal states In a word, in Rome everything costs money; It takes great wealth to sleep in the city. Much of the Roman population lived in poverty suffering of hunger and unsanitary conditions. The streets were not only filthy, but dangerous. Chamber pots of human waste and objects such as utensils would often be thrown out of windows onto the people, injuring many. Baths were not a luxury to those who lived nearby having to hear the loud, obnoxious sounds of its users. The entertainments including gladiat...

What are natural rights and are they in any way applicable essays

What are natural rights and are they in any way applicable essays People in the western societies today are used to the idea of having rights and relying on them in their everyday life. Most of them would be aware of their rights and obligations. However, the picture would be very different in some eastern, African and Latin American societies. Still today there are governments who do not protect any rights of their citizens and allow or even initiate human rights abuse. However, thinking about why is there such a difference in the development of human rights between western societies and the rest of the world we could suggest that the reason for difference is economical or historical. However, maybe even more importantly is that the idea of natural rights has first emerged in Europe and then developed under the social pressure into the concept of the contemporary human rights. In my essay I am going to explain the whole concept of the natural rights, the creation and development of that concept. I will also present some critique of that concept. Then I will look at the possibilities of the idea of natural rights being the bases for the contemporary concept of human rights. The idea of natural law dates back to the ancient Greeks. However, today we are most likely to remember Hobbes and Locke as the inventors of the concept of natural rights, and in the 20th century the latter idea, in the form of human rights or moral rights, has more or less completely replaced it. Although both Hobbes and Locke refer to the same term of natural rights, in my understanding, they mean very different things under the same term. According to Hobbes natural rights mean the rights that a human being has in the state of nature: those rights are the right to self preservation by all means. However, Lockes understanding is closer to the contemporary concept of human rights whish are the rights for life and liberty given to a human being at the...