The Reality Of Empire And Its Ruins - 1164 Words

I have decided to take a different approach to the whole perception of empire and its ruins to a more abstract level. Believe it or not, I have approached an area where I believe many have looked over (I can assume that the reasons are obvious depending on the area that comes to mind) and it cannot be more relevant: empires effects careers. Careers on an empire are so dependent on two main factors: social class and gender. Gender distinctly generates the role, or in this case, the career in society and how it is perceived. I feel it is needless to repeat and reemphasize that women had a background yet impactful involvement towards fertility, religion, and slight politics during early civilization. Not to mention, there were very limited accessibility to move up in social class such as matrimony, or induction to the military on both genders. Since then, we have progressed tremendously on both factors, especially now in present-day America. However, the backlash to these improvements are still predominant: sexism, the gender wage-gap, religion, race, location, etc. Regardless of these obvious factors that play into an empire’s economic manifest in its people with career making, I do believe that there is one group that has been oppressed severely without many realizing: the millennials. America and perhaps other countries as well, would emphasize on the millennials that a career is the most important decision in their life right above marriage, children, home mortgage, etc.Show MoreRelatedNo Man Is An Island By Derek Walcott846 Words   |  4 Pagesmash-up poem â€Å"Ruins of a great house† he argues that Donne is â€Å"selectively compassionate† (Miya, 2016). If we read the two poems together we see that the two poets engage in cleverly written conversation. While Donne states he is a man who cares for the collective society, Derek Walcott’s poem calls Donne out as a hypocrite, stating he is eurocentric and doesn’t care at all about the people who live and work on the colonies, or the slaves who have been fo rced into labor by the British Empire. Donne statesRead MoreThe Black Legend and its Negative Impact on the Image of Spain1271 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonizes Spain and specifically the Spanish empire in an effort to harm the reputation of them. It was through this propaganda that made other countries look down upon the Spanish empire. The Black Legend threw discredit upon the rule of the Spanish by building biases and prejudices against Catholicism and the Spanish treatment of the natives of South America. The Black Legend mainly exaggerated the treatment of the native people in the regions of the Spanish Empire and non-Catholic people such as ProtestantsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Empire Falls By Richard Russo1090 Words   |  5 PagesEmpire Falls, written by Richard Russo, encompasses several concepts of the American identity and what it means to be an American. Russo focuses on the small town life in New England, illustrating a compelling story while narrating the lives o f several different characters. While these characters seem to be different at the surface, they actually share several similarities. The characters of Empire Falls share the same outlook of life. Despite the American freedom they have, they will typicallyRead MoreSymbolism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant942 Words   |  4 Pages In 1936, George Orwell, a prominent British novelist and police officer in lower Burma published an essay titled â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†. In this essay Orwell argues that imperialism ruins both the oppressor and the oppressed. Orwell furthers this claim with rhetorical devices to legitimize his work. Orwell uses sympathy to evoke feelings in the reader that are relatable, such as him working for something he does not believe in. Orwell also applies his perspective throughout the whole essayRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1216 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the fall of the Roman Empire, the Church was able to stand tall and survive through the ruin. The power of Christianity prevailed as the glory of the city of Rome departed. The fall of Rome marked and epoch in the history of the west. Rome was no longer the city of Caesar, but it would now become known as the City of the Pope. The Catholic Church stepped in a filled the void left by the fall of Western Roman Empire . Several factors led to the papacy in Rome becoming the center of power.Read MoreAttila and His Hunnic Empire1706 Words   |  7 PagesAttila and his Hunnic Empire Who was Attila Attila was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea. During his rule, he was one of the most fearsome enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. He invaded the Balkans twice and marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orlà ©ans before being defeated at the Battle of Chà ¢lons. He refrained fromRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis 1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe best evidence so far for the existence of an American empire, despite denials to the contrary, is the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The persistent removal of restrictions and oversights on the domestic financial system of the US, combined with the decisions of individual firms, other governments and foreign financial organisations, culminated in the singe largest depreciation of assets and currency valuations in history, surpassing even the Great Depression in its extents. The United StatesRead MoreThe Monster s Transformation742 Words   |  3 Pagespoint, the Monster begins to form an opinion about himself. â€Å"I viewed myself in the transparent pool! At first I started back, unable to believe that was indeed who I was reflected in the mirror: and when I became fully convinced that I was in the reality the monster that I am, I was filled with bitterest sensation of despondence and mortification† (16. 116-17). The pool serves as conduit to help The Monster notice the aesthetic differences between himself and the cottagers. However, it sets the paceRead MoreThe Effects of War on Society676 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand how someone could be swept up in a war frenzy, and then kept in a state of continuing uncertainty† (Gregor). The article demonstrates how both the reader and the character itself can portray how one can think they know where they are, but in reality, they are completely lost in uncertainty. Wilson clearly develops the effects on how war can change how a person perceives their surroundings. Similar to how warfare can change how a person thinks in the novel, family becomes separated as a resultRead MoreArmenian Genocide and Holocaust Comparison860 Words   |  4 PagesMore than thirteen million people from over four different religions and races were killed during the Holocaust and Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire. That is more than half the number of people that died in World War I. The book Maus by Art Spigelman tells the story of a man who was a victim of and lived through the Holocaust. The Holocaust and Amenian Genocide are indistinguishable because of not only the amount of people that died but also for three more main reasons. These reasons are

Classification Essay - Exercise Partners - 939 Words

Classification of Exercise Partners Every womans magazine Ive ever read gives its readers advice on exercising, and one of the most common tips Ive seen is to find a partner to exercise with. In my experience, however, having an exercise partner is not a good idea. I have encountered five types of exercise partners, and I have concluded that it is definitely best to exercise alone. The Drill Sergeant My ex-boyfriend represents the Drill Sergeant. He is one of those people whose motto is No pain, no gain. Of course, he assumes that everyone else follows this decree as well. He will try to push you to the limit every time you exercise with him, and can become nasty if you give up before he thinks you should. I refused to†¦show more content†¦She could not understand that few people need or even want constructive criticism. Needless to say, we only ran together on a few occasions. I can only stand so much optimism when Im gasping for breath and sweating profusely. The Competitor A high school teammate of mine was The Competitor. Her outlook on life was to be the best at whatever she did, and exercising was no exception. She seemed perfectly sweet, but her competitive streak emerged one afternoon. Our leisurely jog gradually turned to a run, and then a full sprint. I glanced over at her and noticed the pained expression on her face. I knew she was only pushing herself to beat me: she felt she had to run faster and further. You would think that since I knew this was the case, I would have given up and let her get her dose of superiority. I didnt. I was determined to teach her a lesson. I had been jogging regularly by that that time, and was in pretty good shape. She gave up first, and The Competitor cannot stand to lose. We remained friends, of course, but never ran together again. Her bruised pride and my sore muscles saw to that. The Natural Athlete A person doesnt fall into the category of The Natural Athlete because of attitudes or actions, but because of superior ability. My cousin was the Natural Athlete. She didnt spend much time exercising but was still in good shape. This alone was enough to make me almost hate her. I had been working out faithfully for quite some time and feltShow MoreRelatedCompassion Fatigue: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment1537 Words   |  6 Pages Combating Compassion Fatigue This essay examines compassion fatigue, including its causes and symptoms. The essay also considers the needs of caregivers and explores coping strategies and resources available to caregivers. Warning Signs The warning signs of compassion fatigue are grouped into several major classifications. Cognitive symptoms, those relating to problems with thought processes, include lowered concentration, apathy, rigidity, disorientation, minimization, and preoccupationRead MoreThe Trade Industry During The Post Confederation Era867 Words   |  4 Pagesconsolidation of pre-existing legislation that reflected the Canadian government’s primary goal of assimilation. As the self-appointed fiduciary duty of the Canadian government to protect and civilize First Nations members, the Act imposed the first classification of ‘Indian’ status on the First Nations people of Canada. The Act also implemented the process of enfranchisement which encouraged and/or forced First Nations members to abandon their status and traditional way of life to become fully functioningRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Facing Social Work1619 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers exercise power though in many instances are u naware of it. Social workers occupy a complex position in society working for a diverse array of domains. Complexity is generated by the inherent tensions that embody social work, including conflict between loyalties to agencies, clients and society. Moreover, while social workers acknowledge feeling powerless in their interactions with agencies, legitimising factors embedded within the profession also bestow the capacity to exercise power. TheyRead MoreBrunei : The United States, And Future Direction1364 Words   |  6 Pagesfourth highest per capita petroleum and natural gas fields in Southeast Asia. It is imperative senior enlisted leaders have knowledge potential ports of call, in order to brief, relevant information to junior and senior members prior to arrival. This essay will examine the country of Brunei’s background, government, strategic significance to the United States, and future direction. Background Brunei is predominantly an independent Islamic country located on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. BorderingRead MoreSociology : Science As X3860 Words   |  16 Pagestowards others and vice versa, and our self-concept. I have noticed how the classifications of people based on the factors listed above affect those who are so classified. And more specifically, I have wondered, what role does science play in this process? Science has been a dominant factor in determining our beliefs about practically anything and everything – from medical discoveries and health studies to dieting and exercise. When it comes to people, and specifically â€Å"deviant† people, science seeksRead MoreAn Insight Into The Culture And The Employment Rate Of Women3175 Words   |  13 Pagescountry is considered a highly developed industrial nation and has a GDP per capita of $ 45,920. Classification according to Hofstede Japan scored 54 points on a scale of 0-100 in the power distance category, meaning that they have a more hierarchical structure (unlike most of the other Asian countries), which the Japanese consider as accurate. To prevent unilateral decision-making and the exercise of power in a company, the decision-making processes usually has to go through all hierarchical levelsRead MoreBBS22 Marketing Management Study Guide approved8724 Words   |  35 PagesLearning Outcome Management specific knowledge Explain current theory/practice Apply business models Module Title: MM X (Assignment 1 Essay) X (Assignment 2 Essay) Knowledge of qualitative and quantitative techniques Business Communication Short business presentation (written / oral) Research / analyse business case/problems report X (Assignment 1 Essay) Locate Information sources to facilitate research Personal development / reflective learning Module related team activities Global /Read MoreMentoring1765 Words   |  8 PagesMentorship Module In this essay I aim to reflect and critically analyse my completion of the learning development plan and to identify how the skills and knowledge that I have gained as a mentor will enable me to lead learning in my area of practice. I will be using the What model of reflection (Driscoll 2000) throughout this essay. What? - As part of the mentorship module I was required to complete a Learning Development Plan (LDP). Part of the LDP involved writing a lesson plan which wasRead MoreCase Study Counseling Plan4198 Words   |  17 Pagesorigin. Both are employed, however Sara recently lost a good paying corporate position and now maintains two lower paying jobs with longer hours. This couple is seeking counseling for Sara’s persistent lack of interest in sexual relations with her partner Amy. The purpose of this paper is to assess the sexual issues of this couple, analyze the dynamics of their relationship, develop a Multi-axial diagnostic impression and develop a counseling plan. In Section I, the paper will assess sexualRead MoreEssay The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1789 Words   |  8 Pages[APA], 2013) defines the essential trait of agoraphobia as marked, or intense, fear or anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to a wide range of situations. (p 218) It is the most common phobia. To further understand agoraphobia, this essay will explore the characteristics, causes, being a Christian with agoraphobia, and the treatments. I. Characteristics of Agoraphobia Characteristics of agoraphobia are a marked fear or anxiety about two or more of the following: using public transportation

The Economy of Uae Free Essays

On what will the economy of the United Arab Emirates be based after the termination of oil resources? Among the independent states in the region of Persian Gulf, there are many countries which have achieved essential economics success, using the resource factor in their development. The Federation of the United Arab Emirates is considerably the best one. Owing to the richest oil deposits and the competent policy of using the given natural resources, it took them only 30 years to become one of the richest states in the world and reach the income level comparable with the highly developed countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economy of Uae or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, what will be the base of the UAE’s economy, when the world runs out of oil supplies? Before the discovery of oil and gas sources the Trucial States (which today form the UAE) had limited resources and its economy depended mainly on agriculture and the trade in pears, that is why that period reflected the state of a simple subsistence economy. Since 1970 the situation began to change. December 2, 1971 six of the seven emirates (the emirate Ras-al-Khaimah joined in 1972) announced the creation of the federation called the United Arab Emirates. This event coincided with a massive increase in oil production, followed by a further sharp rising of oil prices. This course of events allowed the UAE to achieve the economic prosperity. At the same time, the ruling Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, realizing that oil is a finite resource, commissioned to work out a plan which could reduce the dependence of the state on oil. The state budget revenue in 1980 was fully formed with the profits from oil and gas. However, it was decided to develop a plan of the diversification of economy. Trade and tourism were chosen as the general directions. From year to year, the dependence on petrol production in the state is increasing: in 1980 oil took about 80% of GDP, but today, according to a number of sources oil takes about 30 % of GDP. The reduction of oil industry is happening due to the intensive development of the following sectors: trade, tourism and construction activity. Transport infrastructure is fairly well-developed and the foreign investments are actively being involved to the economy. What is the future of the UAE? How is the economy of the state going to develop without oil, which supplies, according to Jack Gerard’s researches (2005) will be absolutely depleted in 50 years? What kind of challenges will the United Arab Emirates be forced to face? Every state is a part of the world community and problems which the world faces, sooner or later will be actual in a separate state. One of the world biggest threats is the food crisis. For some countries it is relevant today, for others it is something, which they will have to face in the nearest future. Every state that wants to get rid of this terrible problem should actively create alternative sources of energy and develop the agriculture, right now. The UAE is not an exception. The main problem the UAE faced on the way of developing this sector is climate. There is no doubt that the investment funds, emitted on the construction of desalination water factories, make the agriculture industry more independent. Unfortunately, that is not enough. While the state has the time and possibilities it is necessary to concentrate seriously on this problem. They have to coordinate the directions of the Science Researches and achieve the high level of different types of technologies that will help to improve the necessary sectors quickly. In the future UAE must become the leader in producing the food stuff and also dematerializing water. Time is flying but no one accepts the fact that soon people around the world will depend on the quality and quantity of water and food. Implementation of these plans will enable the UAE to become the highly industrial state in 21st century, regardless the oil. The production of food and water will definitely fix the state up with economical stability. How to cite The Economy of Uae, Essay examples

Principle of Marketing - Environment of Competitive Business

Question: Discuss about the Principal of Marketing for Competitive Business Environment. Answer: Managers often face challenge to sustain the brand positioning in the competitive business environment (Tapp and Spotswood 2013). In other words, businesses find difficulties to maintain reputation and continue each products hold in the market place (Fitzgerald, Neal Cavanaugh and Borden 2014). The given case study also discussed their marketing journey and several ups and downs since their inception. However, the brand Vegemite continued to widen its consumer base and target audience. However, the iconic brand faced difficulties when iSnack 2.0, a line extension product of Vegemite has introduced into the market. Based on this case study, the researcher has addressed all the given questions. 1. Marketing mix is an effective tool for analyzing the product position before entering into the market (Lapide 2015). There are many elements incorporated into the marketing mix. However, the main elements are product, price, promotion and place. This case study demonstrates Krafts brand strategy. Based on the analysis of the case study, the company, Kraft, faced problem due to introduction of a unique brand promotional strategy for the release of iSnack 2.0 in the Australian food market. It means the strategic decisions regarding the promotion, proved the most problematic for Kraft. Marketing tool is often vital when it is used for brand offering (Tapp and Spotswood 2013). With the right marketing mix, the business actually can obtain the best result after launching the product. However, Kraft had made a wrong brand strategy for promoting new business range into the market. According to this given situation, the company did not get the expected positive response from their target audiences. The company made mistakes during the promotional campaign of the product (Leekha Chhabra and Sharma 2014). Kraft had given more importance to the announcement of the new name regardless of the highlight the features of the new product. Despite the fact that iSnack 2.0 was offered in the de mand of the people from Australia, however, the company had arranged three months long naming competition. This was the reason that the company faced criticism from customers who declared the name as stupid. By the name, the company was also differentiating their product from the original Vegemite. According to the marketing theory, brand recognition is important for sustaining in the competitive environment (Fitzgerald, Neal Cavanaugh and Borden 2014). In this case, Vegemite is already a part of Australian food history. Therefore, it was irrelevant to give extra emphasis upon the brand promotion for the sake of the name of the new product. Furthermore, this had proven that Aussies were interested to experience the new variations to an old favorite. In this context, this can be said that the name of the product is not as important as the product features. Therefore, the extensive public involvement to name the new product may be the reason for not elicit the expected positive responses from their reliable customers. 2. Despite the public criticism of the iSnack 2.0 name, Kraft was recorded positive consumer responses after its initial release. The company had been followed market mix tool considering four aspects of their new product. This tool is used for offering product at the right quantity (Product) with the right price (Price) in the right place (Place) by using the most appropriate promotional (Promotion) strategy (Campelo et al 2013). However the company met the following condition before developing the right marketing mix for iSnack 2.0. Product: In 2009, Kraft responded the consumer feedbacks and identified that there is a huge product demand with some specific consideration. As per the consumer choices, iSnack 2.0 was introduced in the market which was creamier and the consumer would not get any difficulty to spread. In addition, Australian people wanted something which did not like butter at all. All this product specification was incorporated into the new product of Kraft. After an online market research campaign the company determined that which could easy to eat on the go and could dip straight from the jar and eat by itself. Kraft developed a new product by the name of iSnack 2.0, was a perfect mixture of original Vegemite and cream cheese. Thus Australian liked the taste and the new product was at success because consumers had found same features what they demand for and this is the reason that more than 3 million jars of the product were shipped within just three months period after the launch. Price: Australian people were ready to accept the new product without considering price element. However, the brand is very specific about their product and known for its right price. This is the one of the reason why Vegemite has a 90 percent penetration of Australian homes. This iconic brand is popular for its affordable price strategy since the year of 1939 when the product got recognition for its Vitamin B content, but the company did not change the momentum of the product. There were no price hike and this strategy had been followed at the lunch of iSnack 2.0 as well. Place: Vegemite is the iconic brand of Australia. Vegemite continued to widen its loyal customer base in the food industry of Australia. This is the reason the new product had launched in the several supermarket of Australia. Promotion: For the promotion of the new product, Kraft had been practiced an extensive promotional campaign for generating maximum customer response. Kraft lunched a competition among the Australian to name the product. This is a unique promotional strategy because the company made involved all the people of Australia and successfully generated the awareness and increased the curiosity among the heart of Australia. The company had promoted their product through social media like Twitter and their responses got recorded. However, an extensive marketing for the name of the product go against for iSnack 2.0. According to Neuvonen (2016), the target group needs to be made aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion where product featuring is essential. However, the company made a huge mistake. In the brand promotion, the company needed to make a clear statement about the ingredients, health related factor. While attempting to speak to a particular market segment by the name of iSnack 2.0, the new product failed to place in the heart of Australian people. People: Kraft had been focusing the local consumers demand while developing the new product iSnack 2.0. As per the desired product specification, the company had developed their new innovation. Therefore, people are the main driving force for such innovation. In this way, each elements of marketing mix may have contributed to the initial success of iSnack 2.0 marketing strategy developed by Kraft. 3. The given case clearly indicates that Vegemite has developed an iconic brand status and the company is sustaining with wide ranges of loyal customers in Australia. Now Vegemite has been using this brand reputation for developing a recent line extension product, .Cheesybite. This is always advantageous if the products recognized by the consumers (Braun 2012). However, it takes time and many challenges may be faced by marketers. In the fast moving consumer good area, the brand has successfully occupied its position. However the company has started their journey slowly in the market and faced difficulties to draw customers from the competitive product called Marmite. Or getting more consumer response the company had even changed their name but all these efforts went into vain. After that the original brand Vegemite was reinstated in the year of 1935. Since the participation with Kraft Food, Vegemite had boosted their position and the brand had successfully penetrated the Australian f ood market by 90 percent. Therefore, this brand would definitely like to maintain this position in the coming years. Furthermore, Kraft would like to hold loyal consumers by making innovations into their product developmental processes. However, there is a high chance to face many marketing challenges by Kraft in maintaining the brand status of Vegemite. These probable challenges are as follows: Maintaining the brand consistency: Branding is more effective when it is maintaining consistency, but it may challenging when small business grows or developing line extension products for maintaining higher customer demand (Dinnie 2015). In this context, Vegemite had extended their operation by introducing new products into the market. The loyal consumers of the company may have been their target consumers; however, delivering such product with consistency will definitely be a challenging part of Vegemite. Changing consumer preferences: The consumer preferences or demand for the product is always important before offering any product into the market (Swani Milne and Brown 2013). In this case, the decision regarding the introduction of Cheesybite, by the Kraft was completely based on consumer preferences. Here Australian consumers even specified what kind of products they are demand for. The brand has maintained the same features into their new products and got the taste of success. However, there is a huge risk of changing product preferences of consumers. In that case, the products may not be sold despite having the same consumers in the market. Presence of similar product ranges: The marketer may face challenges if similar kinds of products are available in the market (Theng So, Grant Parsons and Yap 2013). Currently, the brand, Vegemite has been maintaining brand status because this brand holds majority of the market share. However, if such loyal consumers finds alternative in the market then product demand or growth of revenue may definitely be reduced. Then it would be difficult for marketing managers to sustain the same brand position. Possessing a compelling vision: A brand vision needs to be differentiated itself, inspire employees and resonate with consumers (Leekha Chhabra and Sharma 2014). However, brands often find difficulties maintaining dynamic marketplace. In that case the brands need to engage more into the brand-building program. These immense pressures sometimes change the vision of the business. Building digital strategy: In the rapidly changing business environment, new product innovation, new capabilities and creative initiatives needs to be taken for maintaining the competitive advantages (Theng So, Grant Parsons and Yap 2013). In this context, the brand requires to be involved in the digital marketing to generate product awareness. Therefore, developing an effective digital program is often challenging for markets of the company. In the given case study, the brand was also promoting their new products by building digital promotional strategy and used the social media platform like Twitter. However, consumers instant reviews or feedbacks may hamper the status of the brand within a fraction of time. Recommendations: Kraft needs to promote the product features with displaying clear information so that consumers may not have any doubts while purchasing such products from the market. It means, an effective and innovative brand strategy needs to be included. Kraft needs to organize some primary research and conduct some questionnaires, surveys, interviews to know the changing consumer demands or complaints regarding the existing products or services. Based on such specifications the company the company will be able to develop new products into the market. Kraft must develop new sub categories of brand and build barriers to inhibit rivals from gaining relevance. This definitely requires transformational innovations which unfold the companys new ability to manage or fulfilling new consumers demand. Kraft needs to choose an effective integrated marketing communication through which Kraft will communicate with consumers and will understand their preferences, demand, or queries, if any. 4. A business utilizes the environmental resources and supplier goods and services to the environment. No entity can function in isolation because there are many factors that are closely and distantly surround the business (Wang et al 2014). This business environment has two parts: macro environment and micro environment. The micro business environment are internally influenced the business whereas the macro environmental forces are those of outside forces, that may be related to regional level, national level, or international level (Mohan and Chitradevi 2014). These macro environmental forces are going to be discussed in this section of the assignment. Furthermore, it provide threats or opportunities to the communities of business. Every organization often tries to manage these threats by effective utilization of resources (Kormishkina et al. 2015). These six macro environmental factors include Demographic environment, Economic environment, Ecological environment, Political environ ment, Technological environment and socio cultural environment related to a particular business. (Source: Thai and Turkina 2014) The macro business environment is all about the broad environment within the economy that influences performances, functions, decision making, and strategy of all group of business. All the elements of the macro environment are flexible, uncontrollable and rapidly changing with the consumer demands. By analyzing all factors, business can identify the product or service opportunities and limitations in the market. This study of the macro environment is called as PESTAL Analysis (Yksel 2012). Below are the variables of PESTAL that exist in the market: Demographic environment: Demographic business environment refers to the study of population. The factors are includes: The size of the population Growth rate Age of the population Religion Caste Level of education Language Income Race Size of the family Employment status These factors are relevant to the market to develop and implement the strategy for controlling and fulfilling the goals of the business (Grnig and Khn 2015). In the demographic field, people are the main driving force for the development of the markets. The diverse and wide demographic fields offer new business opportunities and can ensure the future growth of any particular business. However, this study is also critical for marketers because rapid changing business growth of the population or instability of income of the people can derive negative impacts over the business. Therefore, marketer should keep a close eye on demographic business environment. There are many demographic trends affects the markets are as follows: Changing population: The growth of the population is welcoming new business opportunities and challenges as well. Due to such demographic changes, the business entity should change their marketing strategies for selling the product and services to their target customers. Changing age structure: The changing age structure of the population is another important factor influencing the market. For instance, India, the developing Asian country, has one of the youngest populations all over the world is expected to keep that status and assumed that the median age would be 28 years. This may result adversely reduction in dynamism and this business can face problem related to changing demand of consumers. Changing income pattern: Income distribution is one of the common demographic factors by which market influences majorly. Business often measures the saving patterns of different level of individuals, purchasing power and so on. By this, the business entity can forecast and assess the intensity of the market opportunity and threats of the business. Economic Environment: The economic condition is one of the significant forces of macro environment of the business. An entity assesses the economic conditions, policies, economic system of the nation at which the business is operating (He 2015). To understand the economic condition of the nation, the business needs to assess the important criteria such as growth of the GDP, tariff and non-tariff rate, Vat, rate of unemployment, inflation, purchasing power, spending pattern and so on. There are many economic trends influence the businesses are as follows: Growth of GDP: The countrys infrastructural development ensures the GDP. This refers the total economic activities of the nation. The high GDP growth is always desirable because the nation can explore new market opportunities (Thai and Turkina 2014). This further ensures the average purchasing power of the consumers is high. It means that they can expend the money for buying product or services. Here the purchasing power depends on the several economic factors like current income, circulation of money, credit and debt availability and others. Barrier of tariff or non tariff rates: This is one of the important economic factors. The marketer often takes decision regarding the production of business based on the tariff rate. A high burden of tariff and non tariff of the nation tend to discourage the marketers to continue the business in that particular economic condition (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). Changing pattern of spending: Spending pattern is depends on many economic variables such as availability of the economic resources of the nation, distribution of income and assets of the nation and so on. Technological environment: This forms a crucial influence in the external market environment. This refers the factors that helps to develop new technologies, create new products and upcoming market opportunities. However a business entity that unable to cope with rapid technological changes may not be survived. This is further take into consideration that technological environment is differing from market to market. In that context, marketers need to consider some product modification to sustain in the global business environment. Although business may face many technological issues. For instance, non accessibility of internet facilities for all employees may hamper the business performance. On the other hand, technology provides customer to online shopping through the internet technologies. Ecological environment: Changing ecological environment is another essential consideration for macro environment analysis. Environmental concerns have growth strong presence in the business development (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). For instance, energy consumption, air and water usages need to be handled by implementing new business strategies and functional efficiencies. Important trends in the ecological environment are the growing shortage of natural resources and thus the care for resources. However, there is a potential threat of increased pollution, but this can be managed by the effective government intervention. Political environment: Every business is surrounded by the political environment. There are three significant elements of legal or political environment: legal, political and government Government: Policies, rules, regulations of government are governing and monitoring business activities of an enterprise. The regulatory framework, tax structure all are impactful considering the assessment of political environment of the business. Legal: Without having a sound legal system, the marketer cannot run his/her business (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). Legal system unfolds various business opportunities which are protecting competitors, customers and enterprises. Political: Stable political system also favorable for the growth of the business. There is a trend of political pressure to business where government pays extra attention for rights of minority, womens right and the right of consumers Social environment: Businesses are binding with social activities because it affects adversely, if business ignore customs, traditions, preferences, tastes, and knowledge (Hopkins 2012). All such factors are associated with human relationships and it impacts on business culture. The social trends like role of the business in the society, ethical business practice unfolds business opportunities. In this way, the six different macro economic factors help all businesses to operate. 3. Marketing information is a set of method and procedures designed to generate to analyze, store, generate and anticipate marketing decision information on a systematic manner (Piercy and Evans 2014). The marketing information is essential for marketers to obtain information like current business condition, position of competitors, scope of innovation, customer preferences, changing demand and so on. To understand the proper role of the marketing information, the researcher must examine what managers do and what information they need for their decision making. In this section, different sources of marketing information will discuss for understanding the value to marketing managers. It will further discuss the potential dangers if the marketing manager has taken his/her decision following from one source of information. Generally, the marketing manager is responsible for planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding and controlling business activities. According to Nedeva (2014), information system in managerial role is limited and make only indirect contribution such as communication oriented functionalities. However, Queiroz and Oliveira (2014) opposed that marketing information system enhances a managers presentation of information and largely in his/her decision making. Managers are involved in three types of decision making processes strategic, operational and management control. Under the strategic decision making, the managers need to decide the marketing objectives, policies, resources of the organization. In this context, managers often face problem in predicting the future of the market and its environment. For this reason the marketing manager needs to access marketing information. On the other hand, management control involves close interaction of those who are responsible for doing such part. It is all about decision regarding the how effectively and efficiently resources are being utilized by the managers. These responsibilities could not possible if marketing information is not available. To respond day-to-day changes in the business environment is also required for ensuring operational control and hence marketing information are essential. Marketing information can be obtained from three different sources: internal data, competitive marketing intelligence and marketing research. The set of information is a nonstop process that gathers data from these sources. Internal data about the company or business enterprise are collected from previous annual reports, websites, feedbacks where data like sales, profile of customers, orders, stocks customer service report can be gathered by the effective use of the marketing information system (Salvador and Ikeda 2014). By the extensive research of the internal source of information, manager can understand the key performance indicators of the business and also gathered information regarding the business limitations, operational inefficiencies and other concerning parts as well. On the other hand, information relating to marketing intelligence is also an important source of information for the managerial decision making. The data of marketing intelligence contains information relate d to suppliers, distributors and customers (Theodosiou and Katsikea 2013). This includes the everyday information regarding the product or service development in the market that helps a business prepare and adjusts its marketing plans accordingly. The information of marketing intelligence is possible to buy from external suppliers (ORG, MARG) who set up data gathering system to support commercial intelligence products that can be beneficial for selling to all entities in the market. Lastly, the gathering information by exploiting marketing research is common source of MIS. Management cannot always wait for information to arrive from internal sources. In that context, managers often make involve themselves in extensive marketing research and gathered information for decision making. By this research the marketing managers can get information regarding the potential market position, target customers, existing competitors in the market and their marketing policies, strategies and manag erial decisions (Davenport 2013). This information helps to understand the potential customers preferences, their demand, choices. However, managers may face difficulties if he/she obtains required information from one source alone. For instance, sources of marketing intelligence cannot always be relied upon because managers may find such information not up to the date. On the other hand, internal source of information gathered from company website may also be found irrelevant at times (Queiroz and Oliveira 2014). This is the reason marketer often complain that they lack enough information or have most of the information wrong. Therefore, a single source of information is no enough for decision making in the business. Generally, an extensive information gathering all three sources are required high time involvement which may not possible to give all the time for the manager and they obtain such information from a single source of MIS. Thus, marketing managers need to explore different sources of information to get the appropriate information which are important for decision making. The necessary ingredients for a good MIS are consistency, completeness and orderliness (Piercy and Evans 2014). References: Braun, E., 2012. Putting city branding into practice. The Journal of Brand Management, 19(4), pp.257-267. Campelo, A., Aitken, R., Thyne, M. and Gnoth, J., 2013. Sense of place: the importance for destination branding. Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287513496474. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Dinnie, K., 2015. Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Fitzgerald, J., Neal Cavanaugh, R.B. and Borden, N., 2014. CPR for the 4Ps Breathing New Life into the Marketing Mix. In International Academy of Business and Economics Conference. Grnig, R. and Khn, R., 2015. Global Environmental Analysis. In The Strategy Planning Process (pp. 89-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. He, Z., 2015, August. External Environment Analysis of Commercial-use drones. In 2015-1st International Symposium on Social Science. Atlantis Press. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013. Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Hopkins, M., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution?. Earthscan. Kormishkina, L.A., Kormishkin, E.D., Semenova, N.N. and Koloskov, D.A., 2015. Favorable Macro Environment: Formula of Investment Activity Growth under the Economic Paradigm Shifted. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), p.163. Lapide, L., 2015. What About Product Portfolio Optimization?. The Journal of Business Forecasting, 34(4), p.21. Leekha Chhabra, N. and Sharma, S., 2014. Employer branding: strategy for improving employer attractiveness. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 22(1), pp.48-60. Mohan, C. and Chitradevi, N., 2014. impact of macro economic factors on banking index (cnx bank) in india. International Journal of Trade Global Business Perspectives, 3(1), p.722. Nedeva, V.I., 2014. analysis of marketing information systems and conception of an integrated marketing information system. International Journal of Computing, 3(2), pp.127-133. Neuvonen, H., 2016. Toward a model of brand strategy adoption. Journal of Brand Management, 23(2), pp.197-215. Piercy, N. and Evans, M., 2014. Managing Marketing Information (RLE Marketing) (Vol. 17). Routledge. Queiroz, J.P.D. and Oliveira, B., 2014. Benefits of the marketing information system in the clothing retail business. JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 11(1), pp.153-168. Salvador, A.B. and Ikeda, A.A., 2014. Big Data Usage in the Marketing Information System. Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing, 2014. Swani, K., Milne, G. and P. Brown, B., 2013. Spreading the word through likes on Facebook: Evaluating the message strategy effectiveness of Fortune 500 companies. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(4), pp.269-294. Tapp, A. and Spotswood, F., 2013. From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix. Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), pp.206-222. Thai, M.T.T. and Turkina, E., 2014. Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), pp.490-510. Theng So, J., Grant Parsons, A. and Yap, S.F., 2013. Corporate branding, emotional attachment and brand loyalty: the case of luxury fashion branding. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 17(4), pp.403-423. Theodosiou, M. and Katsikea, E., 2013. The export information system: An empirical investigation of its antecedents and performance outcomes. Journal of International Marketing, 21(3), pp.72-94. Wang, L., Lurina, M., Hyytiinen, J. and Mikkonen, E., 2014. Bio-coal market study: Macro and micro-environment of the bio-coal business in Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 63, pp.198-209. Yksel, I., 2012. Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), p.52.

International Marketplace Essays - Offshoring, Canada,

International Marketplace Jason Racki English 123 Ms. Gigliotti Term paper The Everyday Effects of the International Marketplace American is increasingly connected to the rest of theworld as a global economy becomes more important. We participate in the international marketplace both as providers of goods and as consumers. How we buy and sell affects us both in terms of what goods we can choose from, but also what jobs are available, and what kinds of industries will come to dominate our economy. One of the most important changes in recent years in our place in the global economy is the dropping of trade barriers with such political moves as the approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This has had an impact on our economy which has filtered down to the everyday lives of our people, both as workers and as consumers. On the one hand, NAFTA has been good in that it has caused the dropping of tariffs by Mexico and Canada, making U. S. goods more affordable in those countries. This has helped to stimulate some areas of the American economy by opening up new markets to sell our products abroad. In urging the passage of NAFTA, the Clinton Administration publications said that NAFTA would increase high wage jobs, boost U.S. growth, and expand the base from which U.S. firms and workers could compete in a world-wide market. It predicted job gains of approximately a million due to increased Mexican exports, and suggested that by 1995 there would be approximately 200,000 more high wage jobs created due to the opening of free markets. The industries most expected to benefit were those dealing in computer technology, machine tools, aerospace equipment, telecommunications equipment, electronics, and medical devices -- all areas where wages were already 12 per cent higher than the national average (Expanding (1993), 3-5). Such growth in jobs would have an effect on the workers and their communities, giving a boost to both individual wealth and the community itself. These benefits spread outward to other areas of the economy, helping people who have jobs in retail, construction, and o ther areas where workers spend their paychecks. However, there is another effect. As a result of the cheaper labor in Mexico, participation in this part of the international marketplace has led to the loss of many American jobs in certain industries, such as the garment and textile industries. After four years of stability, apparel industry jobs plunged suddenly last year, falling more than ten percent from 945,000 at the end of 1994 to 346,000 in 1995. In addition, 42,000 jobs vanished in the fabrics industry for at total shrinkage of 141,000 jobs. These jobs represented 40 percent of all manufacturing jobs lost in the United States last year (Squeezing (1996), D1). Carl Priestland, an economist for the American Apparel Manufacturers Association, predicted that this year another America will likely lose up to another 50,000 jobs in the industry (Squeezing (1996), D1). These losses especially affect workers in small towns like Pisgah, Alabama, and Granger, Texas. The approximate 100 people let go in Pisgah this year were emotionally devastated. Not only are they seeing their specific jobs disappear, they are also faced with seeing the entire industry vanish from their area, taking their opportunities with it. One example, Martha Smith, who lost her job sewing children's clothes, is now enrolled in a state-sponsored program to learn clerical skills. She is thereby trading a blue-collar position for one which is in a low-paying and overcrowded field. In fact a great many of the over 650 people who lost sewing jobs in Alabama this year are women struggling to support their families (Squeezing (1996), D1). They face a market where they have few skills and little to offer. Given the largely female makeup of the sewing industry, it is unfeasible to try to fit all these displaced workers in the clerical field. And on top of that, when a plant such as the one in Pisgah closes, the entire town and region suffer. Many such towns are dependent on one employer. When that employer leaves for cheaper labor in Mexico, the local economy cannot easily recover. Local merchants lose their customer base; suppliers to the mills lose their markets. In the textile

The short story The Word Love has made this essay a comparison to the main characters mother and a average mother in the states.

The short story The Word Love has made this essay a comparison to the main characters mother and a average mother in the states. Mothering is nature's way to make sure that a child is able to grow and prosper in the world. That one day that child may also experience parenting and share the bond that grows between children and their parents. The Mother, in the short story The Word Love, sympathizes with this description of a mother's duty but is torn between the love for her daughter, and the values of her community. While young, her daughter would ask and then receive whatever nurturing she had craved, but when disciplined was needed the mercy of a loving mother seemed to be lacking. Instead of a loved one rebuking and correcting a child who had disobeyed, a judge would come forth and dispence the sentence on the guilty. Culture, parenting, and the love between mother and daughter seem to collide when observing the mothering of the child, and retribution for wrongdoings.Motherly love is a driving force in the maternal character's parenting style.Mother & The Commonweal

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Proper operations management offers the management of any organization the chance to put in place proper operation strategies that provide the overall direction, which serves the framework for conducting all the functions of the organization (Clay 2007, 27). It is essential that every organization sets a pattern of decisions that shape its long term capabilities in any type of operations and positively affect the contribution of the overall strategy. This is through reconciliation of market requirements with the available operations resources. This task looks into how firms in the travel industry in Park Place (Cardiff) compete through their operations. The task looks dissects the significance of operations management for new firms in beating existing competition through operations of existing firms in the market. It takes a case study of Comfy Zone Travelers Corporation that intends to have a new branch in Park Place, Cardiff. In order to understand the operation strategies that companies in the Travelling Sector in Cardiff have put in place to counter competition, the research takes both qualitative and quantitative approach. The survey acknowledges that while the actual market share of each of the competing firms in the sector is a good indicator of well-thought operation strategies, it also appreciates that there are several factors of the market that may not be quantified. In this realization, the researchers conducted a market survey to determine both the market share of the existing firms in the traveling industry as well as understanding the thoughts of the market on the operations strategies the companies use. The survey concentrated on a sample of the target market. Since Comfy Zone Corporation intends to introduce its services in all sectors of transport in the town, the interrogation covered all users of public transport from roads to air. Given that a majority of

A critical perspective on branding, concerned with issues in practical Essay

A critical perspective on branding, concerned with issues in practical application of branding practices - Essay Example Lury (2004) also adds that employees form a core part of brand promotion in any company; large businesses use employees as mediums to promote their brands not only to external potential customers but also to the existing and potential internal customers. A reflective analysis on the impact of branding on employees and organizations has been undertaken in the present context. Working with a large and influential brand is usually regarded as an example of prestige and privilege. One such brand is the HSBC bank that will be studied for its efforts to enhance brand image in this analysis. Drawing points from Dr. Brannan’s teachings from the theme titled, ‘Branding: Being 'you' inside and outside the organisation,’ likeliness of impact of branding on employees will be assessed against literature propositions. This analysis will specifically focus on Warhurst and Nickson’s (2009) perspective of employees’ position in branding efforts, which is a mere objec t of brand personification in order to please customers and stakeholders. In this process, an attempt will be made to understand how branding impacts employees’ place and meaning in organizations by relating to personal experiences. Important findings from literature will be evaluated along with identification of some critical reviews of management specialists. These evaluations will be helpful in explaining practical positions held by individuals in organizations with respect to brand promotions based on personal experiences. Important conclusions will be subsequently highlighted. 2. Working at HSBC: About HSBC: HSBC Bank is multinational bank setup in more than 80 countries and has over 7200 offices with more than 287,000 employees. HSBC bank provides the widest range of financial services to over 89 million customers across the globe. Its services are in retail banking, personal financial services, commercial banking and markets, and global private banking (HSBC history, n .d). Working as a back-office executive at HSBC bank is perceived as a prestigious position owing to its brand value besides its size and strength. This brand is considered as one of the greatest success stories in modern marketing, according to the bank’s website. HSBC was ranked number one financial services in 2011 in one of the surveys and its brand value is estimated to be worth $ 27.1 (Advertising, 2012). The HSBC brand: Globally, all HSBC offices and businesses follow certain common practices, which, they believe, reinforce their brand. One such practice that reinforces brand image and corporate reputation through certain regulations is its ‘core standards of behaviour,’ based on integrity, trust and excellent customer service; these standards facilitate building HSBC’s reputation, keeping different units united, in making them unique and earning them the competitive edge in the market. These core standards define certain behavioural components for all employees towards active listening, understanding, freedom to deliver, integrity, straightforwardness, forward thinking, and teamwork (Employee Handbook, 2008). Like many other far-fledged businesses and corporate sector firms, HSBC’s brand image is emphasized in almost every aspect that is visible to its internal and external customers. Its brand image also reflects in its choice of aesthetics in terms of interiors, logo design and color as well as in its rules for employee etiquettes. For instance, its slogan, ‘The World’s Local Bank,’ actually depicts HSBC’s mission of making its presence felt in every country and region by offering diverse and customized

Dialect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dialect - Essay Example Finally, the author provides a personal reflection regarding the quotation from Peter Trudgill on the toleration of dialects. The paper ends with the conclusion that dialects should be tolerated while common languages should be developed, all for improved communication, understanding and collaborative progressive work. Today, there are about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the world. About 200 of these languages have more than a million native speakers. According to O’Neill (2008), Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers, with around 874 million people using it as a native language. Hindi, spoken in India, comes next with around 366 million and English is a distant third with around 341 million native speakers. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, although according to Edraline (2008), a survey of Richard Pitman, an American linguist, showed there are 55 native languages and 142 dialects in the country. Of the native languages, eight are considered principal languages because they are the most widely spoken – Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Ilongo, Bicolano, Waray, Kampampangan and Panggalatok. Much of the Filipino language is derived from Tagalog, which is spoken in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. But the official version of the Filipino language today has incorporated a lot of words from the other principal languages as well as English and Spanish, such as radio for radio, telebisyon for television or tiya and tiyo, for the Spanish tia and tio, meaning aunt and uncle. It has been often said that language defines a culture. It is a sort of documentation or chronicle of a way of life. The words which comprise a language get created as needs arise. In the same manner, words that existed in a previous language version get forgotten as less and less people use them and so are dropped out from the current version. As culture evolves,

8 Step Process For Leading Change

8 Step Process For Leading Change Kotter notes that many companies often overlook this process when they are in their rush in making plans or take action for the organization to takes place. He stated that close to 50% of the companies that fail to make needed change make their mistakes at the start. Leaders frequently undermine the importance of driving people out from their comfort zone or being complacent with their current success or even being careless in developing an appropriate urgency. According to Kotter (2012), if this step is successfully executed, leaders will obtain an accurate status benchmark that would determine whether the state of the organization is: Complacency- occurs whether the organization is at the top of their market or facing bankruptcy, usually when everyone thinks Everything is fine. False urgency- People are busy with their work but all their efforts produce nothing, in fact may cause burnout instead. True urgency- People are aware of the potential hazards and make use of all the opportunities to be productive and make progress. Guaranteed to fail- It started by the poorly thought out in the initial step. Leaders failed to appeals the peoples heart, only their head. Guaranteed to succeed- Leaders successfully aim for the heart of people and able to connect the deepest values and inspire them to greatness. This leads to the success of the organizational change. 2. Creating the Guiding Coalition This step involves the ability of leaders to assemble a group with enough power to lead the change effort and encourage them to work as a team. Placing people together in the right coalition to lead a change initiative is crucial to its success. It is necessary that the coalition to have the correct structure, substantial level of trust, and a shared objective. Complex organizations are forced to make decisions more quickly even though concrete information is not available due to the rapid changing world. It is evident that it is up to leaders and teams to orchestrate the relevant decision that will help the organization to stay sustainable. The development of the level of trust will stick the team together that helps them to be well functioned. Due to the rapid change, team building has to happen quickly. Developing the right team and combining them with the right level of trust with a shared goal in which the team believes can result in a compelling guiding coalition that will take the organization to the right organizational change. Kotter (2012) states that the right team as a whole should reflect the following four qualities: Position Power- the presence of key players will drive the change progress without any obstruction. Expertise- All relevant points of view should be collected to produce informed intelligent decisions. Credibility- People should be aware of the group presence and respect them so that the groups declarations will be taken seriously. Leadership- Qualified leaders must present to be able to drive the change process. 3. Developing a Change Vision This step pushes the leaders to create a vision to set the direction of the change effort and develop strategies for achieving the vision. A vision must be able to offer genuine guidance, flexible yet focused and easy to comprehend. It insires action and guide that action. According to Kotter (2012), effective visions must have these six key characteristics: Imaginable: Able to portray the future state of the organisation Desirable: attract to the long term interest of the organizational stakeholders. Feasible: comprise of realistic and achievable goals. Focused: clear enough to set the direction in decision making. Flexible: permit entities to take initiative and implement alternative responses in changing environment. Communicable: easy to communicate and can be explained quickly. 4. Communicating the Vision for Buy-in This step involves ensuring that everyone in the team understands and accept the vision strategy. Kotter (2012) emphasizes that in communicating the vision for the change, the vision should be: Simple: easy to understand Vivid: able to illustrate to future state Repeatable: easy to be spread by anyone to anyone Invitational: Has the ability to offer two way communication 5. Empowering Broad-based Action In this step, leaders are required to remove obstacles to change, change systems or structures that detrimental to the vision and promote risk taking and non-traditional ideas, actions and activities. The two main barriers are: Structural Barriers In many cases, the internal structures of organisations contradicts the change vision. For example, a customer focused organisations usually lacks of resources and responsibilities for products and services and a low cost organization that claims to aim for high productivity often have large number of staff that is costly to maintain. Therefore, Kotter (2012) states that it is necessary to realigning incentives and performance appraisals to reflect the change vision to obtain the profound effect on the ability to accomplish the change vision. The implementation of Management Information system can help to suppress the problems by keeping the internal stakeholders informed with the competitive information and market analysis in a quick and effective manner. Troublesome Supervisors In many companies, managers will have several interrelated habits that shape the company culture which often limits the ability for the change to takes place. Kotter (2012) explains that this issue can be quite challenging and often in the attempt of removing this barrier, the results can be demeaning. 6. Generating Short- term wins In this step, leaders need plan for achievements that can easily be made visible, follow-through with those achievements and recognize and reward employees who were involved. To obtain desirable results, short term wins must be both visible and not vague. The end achievement must be linked to the change effort. However, short term wins tends to undermine the credibility of cynics and self-serving resistors (Kotter, 2012) 7. Never Letting Up This step includes the use of increased credibility to change systems, structures and policies that do not fit the vision, also comprises hire, promote and develop employees who can implement the vision, and finally strengthen the process with new projects, themes, and change agents. The main challenge for change is resistance and it always present even if the change process runs smoothly from the early stages. People may even celebrate the short term success and suggest taking a break to enjoy the victory before the process finishes. Kotter (2012) mentions several changes must occur by this step: Presence of additional projects. Extra people being brought to assist the change. Leaders focused on giving clarity to an aligned vision and shared purpose. Managers successfully motivated employees at all levels to lead projects. A reduction in interdependencies between sectors. Maintain a high level of urgency Consistently showing the progress of change. 8. Incorporating Change into the Culture The last step requires leaders to articulate the connections between the new behaviors and organizational success and develop the means to ensure leadership development and succession. Leaders must successfully planted the new practice in the culture and ensure that every individuals in the company is indoctrinated into the culture. IKEA Leadership Profile and Kotter 8 Step According to a study done by Ingholt Rasidovilc (2008) Kotters 8 step processes has revealed several errors that occurs in the organization. They conducted a survey that involves the total management team and several most experienced co-workers. They were given the same questionnaires to see how the solidarity between them in regards to the change process. The result of the survey shows the evident of good sign of leadership in one of the departments, as characterized by Kotter (1996). Many respondents asserted that good leaders must be the source of encouragement and engage their co-workers (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008). This has shown that this model is a reasonably good model for IKEA due to the 67 points earned from the survey, for one of the departments, in being good at communicating change initiatives in a vivid manner (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008). The score for the decisiveness of their leaders however is pretty low, only 49 points. This signifies their inability to handle conflicts, which is one of the key weaknesses that stop changes in management from occurring. Furthermore, they also discovered that the lowest values in the survey are in the main five areas namely: co-worker trust development, implementation of decisions, communication about the future, co workers involvement in planning and the ability to handle conflicts. Th e scores obtained in these areas range from 34 to 46, which are relatively low based on the maximum score. To conclude, this department is proven to have strength in being supportive but weak when it comes to decision making. The presence of indecisiveness explains the origin inability to handle conflict and the character of being supportive leads to the development of trustful relationship between workers (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008). The other department however, showed their key strength in their decisiveness and weakness in communication about the future. Another set of criteria showed the key strength in the ability to handle conflicts but weak in the co-workers involvement in planning. In comparison to the general grading result in IKEA, these results are fairly good. Thus the association in this department is that managers in this department are decisive enough to overcome the conflicts but weak in communication about the future which explains the poor involvement of the co workers in the process. In addition, the two departments gave an overall average score of 84.7 in regards to their leadership performance. Ingholt Rasidovilc (2008) states the difference for each department in accordance to Kotters implementation model. The workers in Department 1 felt that the necessity of change was not well communicated which leads to resistance. This is confirmed by Kotters most common error in the first step High level of complacency which undermines urgency, which is often caused by lack of communication. The worker also did not feel the presence of a leader which explains the error in the second step: lack of a powerful, guiding coalition. Furthermore, lack of vision communication has led to error in step three. In Department 2 on the other hand, the co-workers perceived the vision and strategy being communicated to individuals. It is possible that the strong communication among the workers has reduced the presence of resistance. Recommendation Communication is very crucial in conducting change management. Leaders are ought to be able to keep the workers well informed and create an understanding while also create opportunities to get them involved in the process. Leaders must also be able to identify the needs throughout the process. By doing this, the right leader can be identified and will create the best possible opportunity for the department to develop. Lastly, it is also important to make decisions based on what was informed and needed besides ensuring that they are being implemented. Reference Ingholt, L. T. Rasidovic, M., 2008, Change Management-A research at IKEA of Sweden- Power Resistance, Vaxio University. Kotter, J., 1996. Leading change, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Kotter (2012), J., 2012, The 8-Step Process for Leading Change, Kotter (2012) International, accessed on 9 January 2013: http://www.Kotter (2012)international.com/our-principles/changesteps

Procedural Democracy :: essays research papers

For a country to be truly democratic, it must practice procedural democracy and substantive democracy. A solid foundation and variety of different procedures is what makes a democracy work as it does for us today. There will always be problems with any system and there will always be someone complaining about how the government works. Without a doubt, we will never have a perfect government and we will probably never find one person without some sort of disagreement with the way things are run. But, a democracy is run off of compromises, and it will only work if the people are pleased with the progress that it has made. Democracy is supposed to be run by the people, but which people actually count. Many democracies don’t even allow the majority of their people vote. All democratic governments have some sort of regulations on who is allowed to vote. Even the United States of America, which we perceive to be one of the most democratic countries in the world, has regulations. If you are; too young, have ever been convicted of a felony, not a certified U.S. citizen, or are not mentally competent, you are not allowed to vote. This list has shrunk since the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment though. Women, blacks, and even the poor have been discriminated upon to keep the people â€Å"we† want in the office. Slaves were even counted as only three-fifths of a vote at one time. It has been a hard fought battle by many people to get whom they think are the right people voting. What may be the most famous line of the Declaration of Independence states â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This line sets the tone for the rest of American life. It lets us know that there should be political equality and every live is as important as the next. It lets us know that one mans opinion is just as important as the other mans opinion. The majority will rule when it comes down to it, but minorities cannot be completely tossed away.

Out of My League

How many people do you know that have broken up with someone and later wanted them back because they were jealous of their new girlfriend? Or perhaps, have you ever lacked the confidence to approach someone? Well the movie She’s out of my League is all about that. The movie is about a guy name Kirk who is played by Jay Baruchel. He is an average Joe who can't believe his luck. Although he's stuck in a seemingly dead-end job as an airport TSA security agent, against all odds, Molly which is played by Alice Eve, a successful and outrageously gorgeous babe, has fallen for him. Not only is Kirk stunned, but his friends, family and his ex-girlfriend, too. Now he has to figure out how to make the relationship work, even though he'd be the first to admit she's totally out of his league. She’s out of my League was a well-structured film in my opinion. This film was unified around a central theme. The theme of the film is that it is ridiculous to rate people based on looks and decide that you can't be with someone based on some rating of 1 to 10. In the beginning of the movie, Kirk is having a confrontation with is ex-girlfriend Marine. Marine had ended her relationship with Kirk for more than 2 year and she was extremely contemptuous of his continued romantic interests after his latest pursuit. The producers of this movie couldn’t have thought of a better way to open the movie. The plot and the events, conflicts, and characters that constitute it must be carefully selected and arranged so that their relationship to the theme is clear (Boggs, & Petrie, 2008). This was the most important scene of the movie because it leads the way for other events to happen naturally and logically. In this scene, the producers wanted to get the viewer to see two points. One point making it clear that Marine didn’t want to be in a relationship with Kirk and that it was over. Another point being that Kirk was really crush about the break up so his self-esteem is really low at this point. This also made an early impression of what type of person Kirk was called characterization thought appearance. He seems to be a fairly dorky and dumb type of person. Later in the movie, one morning while Kirk was at work, a beautiful woman name Molly arrives at the passenger terminal for her flight to New York. While she was proceeding through security, her striking looks attracted unwanted attention and harassment from several male employees. Kirk is the only employee to treat her courteously. I really like this part because Kirk was just being himself and Molly saw the him for the person that he really was. In this scene, the producers wanted us to believe that Kirk didn’t have a chance with Molly because it seems that she was out of his league. But, who would have thought that Molly would be the one to be coming on to Kirk. After Kirk finally hooks up with Molly, the successful and outrageously gorgeous babe, Marine finds herself jealous and wants Kirks back. The only reason that Molly has this sudden interest in Kirk again is because she feels upstaged by Molly’s looks. In this scene, it makes the saying, â€Å"a woman doesn’t want a man until someone else has him† a true statement. With those two senses that were mentioned, it gives you a lot to think about. One being that you really don’t appreciate something until it’s gone. In this movie Kirk was a type of person that needed to be with a person that would help and motivate him to achieve his goals. Marine wasn’t that type of person. When Molly came along, she really brought out the best in Kirk. As Kirk begins the better himself, Marine begins to see all the things that Kirk was capable of, but by this time it was too late. Personally, I really did find this movie meaningful. There were a lot of points that could have been taken from this movie. The two points that I retrieve from this movie is that it is ridiculous to rate a person based on looks and decide that you can't be with that someone based on some rating and it is true that you don’t see what you have until its gone.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay Example

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay Example Effects of the Industrial Revolution Paper Effects of the Industrial Revolution Paper Essay Topic: Deforestation Environmental Effects of the Industrial Revolution The environmental damage caused by this revolution was not seen until around the 1 asss, and by that time most Of the damage was already irreversible. When the earths natural resources are depleted, the environment and the wildlife that inhabits it suffer greatly. Because of the increase in production that the Industrial Revolution spurred on, easily attainable fuel sources like wood were used in large amounts that had very significant impacts on the environment but were over looked because of the desire to speed up reduction at any cost. The dependence on this natural resource during this industrial time period became one of the largest causes of deforestation which not only affects the trees and the forest, but it also affects the wildlife that have made the forest their home. Deforestation ultimately leads to a lack of trees, which help to rid the air and water of the harmful pollutants and carbon emissions that factories put out into the environment. Without trees there is no clean air, and without clean air there can be no life. Speaking of life, the Industrial Revolution caused a great increase in the worldwide population. While this may not necessarily sound like a huge problem, think of all the natural resources that factory production has already depleted and then think about our planets dependency on these limited resources to live. Human population growth is indelibly tied together with increased use of natural and man-made resources, energy, land for growing food and for living, and waste by-products that are disposed of, to decompose, pollute or be recycled. McCall) The Industrial Revolution also changed medicine and living standards, which raised life expectancy to an all time high from the sasss when the Black Plague reduced the worldwide population by about 75 million people. (McCall) Although this wasnt looked at as a great threat to the environment by most, it helped to further deplete the earths natural resources, which are essential to life. Water pollution, air pollution, and the depletion Of the earths natural resources are only a few results of the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the environment.

Sexual Harrassment essays

Sexual Harrassment essays It is important to discuss sexual harassment in the workplace because it has many social, financial, and psychological consequences if not properly dealt with (Gerdes 33). Over the last 20 years, the Supreme Court has handled hundreds of cases dealing with the issue. It has modified and amended the laws concerning the act in order to form a less hostile workplace (Springer). It is hard to calculate just how much sexual harassment is taking place in the workplace because so many employees are unaware of the rules, but also because many are just too embarrassed to come forward. The most accurate and recent study was taken in 1987 and found that as many as 44% of women and 19% of men have experienced some sort of unwanted sexual advancements in public agencies alone. The number of incidents occurring in private business is unknown (Lindenberg 2). It is expected that as more women assume supervisory positions in the work place that the numbers will increase (Larsen). In order to discuss the topic of sexual harassment in the work place, one must have a clear definition of what actually constitutes sexual harassment. Surprisingly, however, there is no one single definition for this act. Each agency is responsible for implementing its own rules and regulations for the subject. Fortunately, though, most definitions can be interpreted nearly the same. The United States Department of Defense has a good and thorough definition that reads: Sexual Harassment may constitute one or several of the following: Æ’Ã ¦ Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of a person ¡s job, pay, or career or, Æ’Ã ¦ Submission to, or rejection of, such conduct by a person is used as a basis for career or employment decisions affecting that person, or Æ’Ã ¦ Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual ¡s work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensi...

How has the media influenced the arab revolutions Research Paper

How has the media influenced the arab revolutions - Research Paper Example The rise in the frequency of use of social media seeks to make governments accountable for their intentions and actions. It is worth noticing here that a single factor cannot lead to a revolution; actually, it is the combination of several factors and issues that paved the way for a great revolution. The social-economic factors and political factors were depressing, and that paved the way for the Arab revolution. Despite several limitations and censorship imposed on media, it has been observed that their roles have been the most crucial in the success of Arab revolution (Seib, 2012). Some of the scholars, experts and journalists have termed social media as an ‘undeniable force’ for attaining a valuable outcome. In order to assess the validity of their perception, a thesis statement has been developed in this paper. The statement can be observed as â€Å"Media have played a vital role in, and have been employed as a resource to support, Arab revolution†. It aims at identifying and analyzing the impact of media on the revolutions in Arab world. The role of internet and social media has been emphasized by Wael Ghonim, Egyptian Google executive: â€Å"If you want to liberate a society, just give them the Internet†( Storck, 2011, p.4). ... The major differences with respect to traditional media can be identified and analyzed in terms of interactivity and speed of the news. The traditional media include the use of leaflets, posters, and faxes to mobilize the people, whereas the use of digital media has enabled an audio-video interaction with the people around the world (Rugh, 2004). There is a profound role of media in influencing the revolution, especially in Arab countries such as Egypt and Tunisia. The protests in Egypt and Tunisia would not have been greatly successful in the absence of social media like facebook, twitter, and other sites. It was different media that kept provoking people and helped them to come together to bring about such revolution. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter were used intensively by people to disseminate information globally, and, apart from this, these social networking sites were used as a tool for fostering people within and outside Egypt for a great revolution (Ghannam, 2011). Social media and theory of communication â€Å"Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies and the diffusion of networking logic substantially modifies the operation and outcomes in processes of production, experience, power and culture†( Fox, Mourtada-Sabbah, and Al-Mutawa 2006, pp. 155). When the above mentioned arguments are evaluated from the perspective of social media theories, it is found that â€Å"resource mobilization† theory is one of the most important theories of social movements. It came into existence in 1970s. According to this theory, resources such as money, time, organizational skills, political and social

Regulation of Advertising and Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regulation of Advertising and Promotion - Essay Example NAD examines that whether not all the claims being made in the advertisement are true. It also makes sure that the product being promoted on any platform should not mislead the audience as it can be a threat to consumers (National Advertising Division, 2013). NAD may also play an effective role during the promotion of alcohol in school. It makes sure that the sponsors are not misleading the consumers by making them think that they must start the consumption of alcohol before their legal age. NAD would also examine that the whether the claims being made by the companies regarding their alcoholic products are accurate or they are again misleading the consumers. As there are children in school the alcohol companies must keep in mind the guidelines of Children Advertising Review Unit (CARU). FTC or Federal Trade Competition makes fair competition possible between the rivals. FTC also deals with deceptive advertisement. It fosters free trade and restrains the growth of economy within any prescribed area. It oversees all the deceptive issues and then deals with it according to the Federal law. It promotes competition, restrains unfair method of competition and ensures the honest labeling of every product. This regulatory agency is also responsible for creating awareness among the companies about their rights (Protecting Americas Consumer, 2013). Federal regulation imposed during the promotion by alcohol companies can also be quite effective as it will foster healthy competition, not letting any company to practice monopoly. It will let the audience present decide the brand of their choice based on the effectiveness of promotion. No company would be allowed to promote their product unless their product features are same as they have claimed. The significance of both the regulation differs from one another. Self-regulation is imposed for the purpose of the letting the customers know that the product is

Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graduation Speech - Essay Example Short or long, bad or good, I will live to recall AlYamamah University. In this farewell, I must acknowledge the university staff including instructors, dean, registrar, and the entire faculty that sacrificed their time, effort and resources to ensure that we successfully complete the journey and attain the excitement I’m currently experiencing. The entire university faculty always kept us informed about present-day and emerging issues. Instructors optionally went out of their way to organize learning materials that equipped us with the relevant skills and knowledge required in the currently competitive job market. They always ensured that our learning is not compromised by the difficult learning environment often affecting students’ understanding. The instructors acted as parents providing advice when necessary and ensure that we are on the right track. Surely, you did a lot to ensure that we had an enjoyable stay; I acknowledge you for your kind gestures! Moreover, it takes teamwork to survive in life. While my experience is limited, I strongly believe that we overcame the many problems that often threatened our lives because there was someone who was ready to help us. I received awesome support from my parents, family members, friends and university staff depending on the severity and nature of the problem. My parents were always responsive to my social and economic needs, not mentioning the dollars they had to part with to ensure my dream is transformed into a reality. Friends became available during study sessions, pizza parties, and whenever called upon. I thank you all. Regardless of personal choices, I must admit that AlYamamah University and Riyadh City was a perfect place to develop our bodies and minds during the important learning phase. Apart from the few shortcomings of the university, which I honestly believe were often a little exaggerated, Riyadh City has been accommodative to our often silly behavior.

Biome is a large ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Biome is a large ecosystem Essay A biome is a large ecosystem where plants, animals, insects, and people live in a certain type of climate. Therefore, desert where the plants are short and the animals are small because of a lack of water. There is one-fifth of the earth land’s surface is desert. Deserts can be found on every continent except Europe. The desert biome can be separated into four kinds and they are cold, hot and dry, coastal and semiarid. The cold deserts that are located in Greenland, Antarctic and the Nearctic ecozone. These deserts are characterized by cold winters with snowfall and high overall temperatures throughout the winter, and sometimes in the summer too. In the hot and dry desert, the seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. But the winters usually bring little rainfall. With the summers are moderately long and dry and the winters are normally have a low concentration of rainfall, which are made up the semiarid desert And the final desert is occurred in moderately cool to warm areas such as the Nearctic and Neotropical realm. Deserts are also found in areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm a year. However, with a little rainfall, most of the deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation and vertebrate and invertebrate animals as well. And there are only a few large mammals in the deserts because they are not capable of storing sufficient water or withstanding the blistering heat. In the variety of the deserts, plants have had to develop different ways of capturing water in the roots, stems, leaves or fruit in order to survive in their habitat. There are short grasses, sagebrush, creosote bushes and cacti can be found in nearly all deserts. About animals, in order to survive, they try to stay in the shade of plants or rocks or by burrowing underground in the heat of the day and many desert animals are nocturnal by hunting at night when it is cool. Camels, reptiles, insects, birds and small animals are adapted living in the all deserts. Specially, camels are one of the few large mammals to survive in the desert because they can have well storing water in their bodies. There are all about the description about a desert biome. As we can see, animals and plants are found in a desert are distinctive in their adaptive capabilities, just so that they are able to survive in the harsh desert conditions.

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind Essay -- Concept Mind Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle's The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle attempts, in his own words, to 'explode the myth' of Cartesian dualism. His primary method in this endeavour is to explain why it is a logical error to describe minds and bodies with semantically similar language; while secondarily, he proposes that even to speak of 'minds' as a second-order ontology is to take the first step in the wrong direction towards intellectual clarity. Thus, with the desire to arrive at this hypothetical locale, the following peripatetic discussion will set out with Ryle at his point of departure, viz. Descartes' Myth; it will then survey the "lay-of-the-land" at Ryle's mapped out midway point, viz. Self-Knowledge; and from there, judge whether Ryle himself is headed in the right direction, or, whether despite the ribbons and fan-fare, Ryle's excursion takes place on a circular track. Ryle begins by seeking to expose the theory of Cartesian Dualism as an absurd logical error. To do this, he accuses it of having an inherently faulty structure; that it exemplifies "one big category-mistake."1 To understand this claim we must first look at what Ryle deems a 'category-mistake.' A category-mistake is committed when one accounts for a concept by placing it in a certain logical type, or category, when in fact it belongs to a different division altogether. So to describe or qualify two items or ideas of dissimilar constitution within the same linguistic framework is to commit this mistake. Ryle provides numerous examples for the elucidation of this error, only one of which follows: "she came home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair."2 The absurdity of this statement shows the category-mistake for what it is: a failure to use langu... ...ons it is my considered opinion that despite Ryle's attempt at intellectual clarity, this clarity is an illusion. NOTES 1 Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, p. 17.Back to note location in text 2 Ibid., p. 23.Back to note location in text 3 Ibid., p. 15.Back to note location in text 4 Ibid. Back to note location in text 5 Ibid., p.21.Back to note location in text 6 Ibid., p. 23.Back to note location in text 7 I refer to John R. Searle, The Rediscovery of The Mind, in which the author states: "Mental phenomena are caused by neurophysiological processes in the brain and are themselves features of the brain." p. 1.Back to note location in text 8 Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, p. 149.Back to note location in text 9 Ibid., p. 149.Back to note location in text 10 Ibid., p. 162.Back to note location in text

Analyzing Cafe at Night Painted by Vincent Van Gogh Essay -- Cafe at N

Analyzing Cafe at Night Painted by Vincent Van Gogh I have chosen to write my paper on painting titled â€Å"Cafà © at Night† by Vincent Van Gogh. Since this picture is a very popular one, I might have seen it a couple times before I actually decided to write about it. I feel warmth, streaming out of it, when I take a look at the â€Å"Cafà © at Night†. This comfortable feeling made me select this artwork. This picture shows a cobbled street, probably somewhere in the south of Europe, at night. In the very front there is just the street, and in the left corner there is the edge of a building that is painted in dark blue. It looks like there is no light coming out of this building, and it does not seem to be very important for the view, Van Gogh caught for this image. Next to the dark building another one is shown. This building is wider and thus reaches more in the back and middle of the whole painting. Different yellow shades light the building up which shows that it is busy, people are most likely in there. Three windows, painted in a darker yellow, or orange, make the viewer feel like ...

Digital Modulation Techniques

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic: Digital Modulation Techniques Course code: ELE102 Course title: Electrical science-II Submitted to:Submitted by: Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar Sec:K1901 Roll:B57 Contents INTRODUCTION †¢ 1 Aim †¢ 2 Analog modulation methods †¢ 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques †¢ 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding †¢ 5 Pulse modulation methods †¢ 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parame ters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (â€Å"volume†), its phase (â€Å"timing†) and its frequency (â€Å"pitch†), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal.Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. | 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog info rmation signal. [pic] [pic] A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: †¢ Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) ?Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), †¢ Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal on to a carrier (both of which are sine waves).At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. [pic] [pic] Simple example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). [pic] [pic] Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud.Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most fundamental digita l modulation techniques are based on keying: †¢ In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. †¢ In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. †¢ In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. †¢ In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform.Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK.Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs; – Speeds of up to 9600 bps – Full-duplex or half duplex operation. – Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s.Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to c onvey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high).If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -B inary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK.The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is , if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low).Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits – Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth [pic] Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states.Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): – Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol â€⠀œ More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver [pic][pic][pic] Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated;  ± Cosine and  ± Sine wave. Variants of QPSK [pic] – Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o – ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) – BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites – CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several proto cols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to users. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are: †¢ Phase-shift keying (PSK): o Binary PSK (BPS K), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4–QPSK †¢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK): o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) †¢ Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) †¢ On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB †¢ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK: o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. [citation needed] †¢ Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) †¢ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation: o discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-load ing. †¢ Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques †¢ The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. †¢ Adaptive modulation †¢ Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India